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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
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Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Precipitation Titration Curve: Analysis01:21

Precipitation Titration Curve: Analysis

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The precipitation titration curve demonstrates the change in concentration of one reactant with the volume of titrant added. During the titration of chloride ions with silver nitrate, the precipitation titration curve is divided into three regions: before, at, and after the equivalence point. Before the equivalence point, low redissolution of the sparingly soluble silver chloride precipitate gives a low silver ion concentration. However, in the second region, representing the equivalence point,...
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Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
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Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Updated: May 12, 2025

Surface Renewal: An Advanced Micrometeorological Method for Measuring and Processing Field-Scale Energy Flux Density Data
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A spectroscopic theory for how mean rainfall changes with surface temperature.

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Global warming increases rainfall by enhancing atmospheric radiative cooling. Changes in atmospheric opacity, especially in the water vapor window, are the primary drivers, controlled by greenhouse gas properties.

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Area of Science:

  • Climate Science
  • Atmospheric Physics
  • Radiative Transfer

Background:

  • Surface warming is projected to increase global mean rainfall.
  • The underlying radiative mechanisms driving this increase are not fully understood.
  • Atmospheric radiative cooling is a key factor in regulating global precipitation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the radiative mechanisms responsible for increased atmospheric cooling with surface warming.
  • To identify the primary drivers of changes in atmospheric opacity.
  • To link greenhouse gas properties to global mean rainfall changes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of atmospheric radiative transfer processes.
  • Investigation of the role of atmospheric opacity, particularly in the water vapor window.
  • Comparison of findings with established general circulation models.

Main Results:

  • Changes in atmospheric cooling are primarily driven by alterations in atmospheric opacity.
  • The water vapor window region significantly influences these opacity changes.
  • Global mean rainfall is strongly controlled by the thermodynamic and spectroscopic properties of water vapor and carbon dioxide.

Conclusions:

  • The properties of key greenhouse gases (water vapor, CO2) dictate global mean rainfall responses to warming.
  • The observed rate of rainfall increase (approx. 2% per Kelvin) is consistent with changes in atmospheric opacity.
  • These findings explain rainfall behavior across different warming scenarios, including hothouse climates.