Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

21.0K
MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
21.0K
Bacterial Transcription01:53

Bacterial Transcription

27.7K
RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:
27.7K
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

9.6K
Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
9.6K
Riboswitches01:56

Riboswitches

8.0K
Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
The aptamer has high specificity for a particular metabolite which allows riboswitches to specifically regulate...
8.0K
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

849
The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
849
Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

28.1K
Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...
28.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

First Report of CRISPR-Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein Delivery Into Teleost Spermatozoa With Preserved Membrane and Genomic Integrity.

Molecular reproduction and development·2026
Same author

Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of pediatric medulloblastomas from a Brazilian cohort: an exploratory study.

Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico·2026
Same author

Protective Effects of Eugenia uniflora Red Fruit on Brain in a Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Mechanistic Insights.

Neurochemical research·2025
Same author

microRNAs for qPCR Normalization Under Morphofunctional Conditions in Bovine Sperm (Bos taurus).

Molecular reproduction and development·2025
Same author

3-(3-(diethylamino)propyl)-2-(4-(methylthio)phenyl)thiazolidin-4-one Attenuates Scopolamine-induced Cognitive Impairment in Rats: Insights Into Neuroprotective Effects.

Molecular neurobiology·2025
Same author

Antitumor Effect of Butia odorata Hydroalcoholic Extract on C6 and U87MG Glioma Cell Lines: Impact on Redox Status and Inflammation Signaling.

Neurochemical research·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2025

mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation
06:16

mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation

Published on: May 1, 2021

2.5K

Decoding microRNA arm switching: a key to evolutionary innovation and gene regulation.

Danillo Pinhal1, Leandro de B Gonçalves2, Vinícius F Campos3

  • 1Genomics and Molecular Evolution Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, DCQB, IBB, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, CEP 18618-689, Brazil. danillo.pinhal@unesp.br.

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS
|May 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary

MicroRNA (miRNA) arm switching, using either the 5p or 3p strand, fine-tunes gene expression. This conserved mechanism drives adaptive evolution and phenotypic diversity across species.

Keywords:
Evolution of gene regulatory networksPhenotypic plasticity in developmentPost-transcriptional gene regulationmiRNA strand selection mechanisms

More Related Videos

Biotin-based Pulldown Assay to Validate mRNA Targets of Cellular miRNAs
11:00

Biotin-based Pulldown Assay to Validate mRNA Targets of Cellular miRNAs

Published on: June 12, 2018

13.7K
CRISPR Gene Editing Tool for MicroRNA Cluster Network Analysis
10:40

CRISPR Gene Editing Tool for MicroRNA Cluster Network Analysis

Published on: April 25, 2022

2.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 14, 2025

mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation
06:16

mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation

Published on: May 1, 2021

2.5K
Biotin-based Pulldown Assay to Validate mRNA Targets of Cellular miRNAs
11:00

Biotin-based Pulldown Assay to Validate mRNA Targets of Cellular miRNAs

Published on: June 12, 2018

13.7K
CRISPR Gene Editing Tool for MicroRNA Cluster Network Analysis
10:40

CRISPR Gene Editing Tool for MicroRNA Cluster Network Analysis

Published on: April 25, 2022

2.3K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression by guiding target recognition.
  • miRNA arm switching involves the preferential selection of either the 5p or 3p miRNA strand from a duplex.
  • This process is crucial for adapting to various biological conditions and has evolutionary significance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize current knowledge on miRNA arm switching.
  • To highlight its role as a conserved regulatory mechanism.
  • To explore its implications for gene regulatory networks, phenotypic plasticity, and evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on miRNA arm switching.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the mechanisms (e.g., thermodynamics, enzyme processing) and evolutionary impact of arm switching.
  • Examination of the relationship between arm switching, miRNA gene duplication, and functional diversification.

Main Results:

  • miRNA arm switching is a conserved mechanism across diverse species.
  • It allows for dynamic regulation of gene expression, contributing to phenotypic diversity.
  • The mechanisms driving arm switching are complex and not fully elucidated.

Conclusions:

  • miRNA arm switching significantly expands miRNA functionality and regulatory capacity.
  • This mechanism plays a key role in driving phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary innovation.
  • Co-evolution with miRNA gene duplications fuels the diversification of biological functions.