Reasons for Outdoor Tanning in Adults: Q Methodology Identifies Three Types of Tanners

Background: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is a major risk factor for skin cancers. Nonetheless, many individuals in western countries tan outdoors. This study aimed to identify types of tanners and their reasons for outdoor tanning based on a Q methodology study. Methods: A heterogeneous sample of 25 participants aged 19-61 years was recruited and interviewed using the Q sort method. The participants ranked 37 reasons for outdoor tanning according to their subjectively perceived importance in a predetermined grid. Data were analyzed using an inverted factor analysis technique developed specifically for Q methodology. The transcripts of the postsort interviews were used to better understand the quantitative findings. Results: Three groups (factors) of tanners were identified based on 22 of the 25 participants. While enhancement of attractiveness was a major reason for outdoor tanning in the middle-aged group, the youngest and the oldest groups had a stronger focus on relaxation, well-being, and mental health. All three groups stated that vitamin D production was an important factor for tanning outdoors. Discussion: These findings suggest that people may have different reasons for exposing themselves to harmful UV radiation, but that there is a pattern most participants in our study could be assigned to. Especially the finding that all groups tanned outdoors to meet their vitamin D needs seems to be a starting point for future research and skin cancer prevention.