Care provided by humanoid robots: a scoping review

To identify the evidence in the literature regarding the care provided to the population by humanoid robots.

A scoping review based on the guidelines established by the Joanna Briggs Institute. The Preferred Reporting Items for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR) checklist was followed. The review protocol was registered on the Open Science Framework under the number osf.io/6ur93. The search was conducted in November 2023 in the following databases: PubMed®, EMBASE®, LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus®, and CINAHL, as well as in the gray literature, including Google Scholar and the Catalog of Theses and Dissertations of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), using the search strategy: "humanoid robot*" AND "patient*".

A total of 27 articles were analyzed. Most of the identified studies were conducted in hospital settings (n=13), with a primary focus on adults (n=10) and children (n=8). The countries with the highest number of publications were Japan (n=6), Canada (n=5), and France (n=4). Three areas of care were identified: social interaction (n=17), physical rehabilitation (n=7), and dissemination of health information (n=3). Additionally, only four studies involved collaboration between humanoid robots and healthcare providers.

Despite the increasing use of humanoid robots in healthcare, it remains essential to enhance their integration with professionals in the field. Social interaction highlighted the need to improve patient care, underscoring the importance of aligning the capabilities of these robots with the expertise of healthcare providers. Accordingly, future research should focus on developing strategies that ensure this technology not only assists but also optimizes the quality of care and strengthens interdisciplinary collaboration.