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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Nerves: Types Part I01:14

Cranial Nerves: Types Part I

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, with the first six being essential in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions related to the head and neck.
Olfactory Nerve (Cranial Nerve I)
The olfactory nerve, or cranial nerve I, is unique as it is purely sensory and dedicated to the sense of smell. This nerve originates in the olfactory epithelium of the...
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Cranial Nerves: Types Part II01:22

Cranial Nerves: Types Part II

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)
Cranial nerve VII, or the facial nerve,...
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Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones01:29

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

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Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
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Nociception01:44

Nociception

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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division01:18

Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division

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The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
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Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia01:21

Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

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The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.
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Updated: May 22, 2025

Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain
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13. Trigeminal Neuralgia.

Bart Jorrit Snel1, Steven P Cohen2,3, Serdar Erdine4

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.

Pain Practice : the Official Journal of World Institute of Pain
|May 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) diagnosis relies on patient history and MRI. Treatment involves medications like carbamazepine, or procedures such as microvascular decompression (MVD) and radiofrequency ablation.

Keywords:
balloon compressionevidence‐based medicinegamma knifemicrovascular decompressionradiofrequency ablationstereotactic radiosurgerytrigeminal neuralgia

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pain Management
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a debilitating condition causing severe facial pain.
  • Characterized by brief, electric shock-like pains in the trigeminal nerve distribution.
  • Pain is triggered by innocuous stimuli, significantly impacting quality of life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize the current literature on the diagnosis and treatment of trigeminal neuralgia.
  • To provide an overview of diagnostic criteria and therapeutic options.
  • To inform clinical decision-making for patients with TN.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search on trigeminal neuralgia diagnosis and treatment.
  • Synthesis of findings regarding diagnostic approaches and therapeutic interventions.
  • Review of evidence supporting different treatment modalities.

Main Results:

  • Diagnosis is primarily based on patient history; neurological examination is typically normal in classical TN.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast is recommended for imaging.
  • First-line medical treatments include carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine.
  • Microvascular decompression (MVD) is preferred for suitable candidates.
  • Percutaneous procedures like radiofrequency thermocoagulation are options, especially for elderly or comorbid patients.

Conclusions:

  • Current recommendations for TN treatment are based on low-quality evidence.
  • Microvascular decompression (MVD) and radiofrequency ablation are preferred invasive treatments.
  • Further high-quality research is needed to clarify risk-benefit ratios of various interventions.