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Related Concept Videos

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction01:29

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...
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Degenerative disc disease is a chronic condition in which intervertebral discs gradually lose structure and function. It is not infectious or autoimmune; rather, it results from age-related biochemical and mechanical changes, influenced by genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors.Structure and Function of DiscsThe spine contains 23 intervertebral discs that absorb load, distribute forces, maintain spacing, and allow flexibility. Each disc consists of a nucleus pulposus, a gel-like core...
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The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

A Mobile Outside-in Technique of Transforaminal Lumbar Endoscopy for Lumbar Disc Herniations
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Radiological analysis of herniated disc size changes after percutaneous laser disc decompression.

Roberto Gazzeri1, Felice Occhigrossi1, Marcelo Galarza2

  • 1Interventional and Surgical Pain Management Unit, San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, 00184 Rome, Italy.

Pain Medicine (Malden, Mass.)
|May 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Percutaneous laser disc decompression (PLDD) significantly reduces herniated disc size in patients with lumbar disc issues. This minimally invasive procedure offers a valuable therapeutic option for contained herniations unresponsive to conservative care.

Keywords:
MRI quantitative analysis in disc herniationherniated disclumbar disc herniationminimally invasive spine surgerypercutaneous laser disc decompression (PLDD)

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Area of Science:

  • Minimally invasive spine procedures
  • Interventional radiology
  • Orthopedic surgery

Background:

  • Symptomatic lumbar disc herniation causes significant low back pain and sciatica.
  • Minimally invasive techniques like percutaneous laser disc decompression (PLDD) are alternatives to open surgery.
  • The efficacy of PLDD for lumbar disc herniation remains under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of PLDD in patients with lumbar disc protrusions and contained herniations.
  • To assess quantitative changes in herniated disc area using MRI post-PLDD.
  • To correlate imaging findings with patient outcomes and satisfaction.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 58 patients with lumbar radiculopathy due to disc herniation underwent PLDD.
  • Post-procedure MRI (2 months) was used to measure axial and sagittal disc areas.
  • Patient-reported pain, clinical outcomes, and satisfaction levels were recorded.

Main Results:

  • PLDD resulted in a statistically significant reduction in both axial (median 35.9%) and sagittal (median 49.3%) disc areas.
  • All patients demonstrated a reduction in herniated disc size, with a median overall reduction ratio of 52.7%.
  • Significant P-values (< 0.0001) indicate the reliability of the observed disc area reductions.

Conclusions:

  • PLDD is an effective treatment for reducing herniated disc size in selected patients.
  • It is a valuable option for contained lumbar disc herniations unresponsive to conservative management.
  • PLDD provides a statistically significant reduction in disc size, serving as an alternative to open surgery.