Manipulation of Interface Recombination via Multi-Site Passivator for Efficient Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown remarkable progress in laboratory-scale devices, but their scalability to large-area perovskite solar modules (PSMs) remains challenging due to significant performance loss. Here, a multi-site passivation strategy is reported by employing Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) 2,2'-(propane-2,2-diylbis(sulfanediyl)) diacetate (TK-NHS) as an interfacial modifier to address the critical issues of interface recombination and stability in both PSCs and PSMs. TK-NHS effectively inactivates common defects, by modifying the surface of perovskite films through multi-site synergistical interactions. Additionally, a stable dipole layer formed at the interface optimizes energy level alignment, facilitating efficient electron extraction and transport. The resulting perovskite film exhibited a smoother and more homogeneous surface, thus improving interface contact and reducing nonradiative recombination. Consequently, TK-NHS-treated PSCs achieved a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.16%, with significantly improved open-circuit voltage (V_oc) of 1.188 V and fill factor (FF) of 85.3%. The scalable potential of this multi-site passivation strategy has been verified by corresponding PSMs, delivering an impressive PCE of 22.25%. Notably, the devices exhibited exceptional operational stability, retaining 91.4% and 90% of their initial PCE after 1000 and 800 h of continuous illumination, respectively. Thereby advancing the progress of the scaled-up production of PSCs to modules.