Multimodality diagnostic imaging and role of interventional radiology in pancreas transplantation

Pancreas transplantation remains a key therapeutic option for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Despite advances in medical management, post-transplant complications continue to pose significant risks to graft survival, making early detection essential for optimizing patient outcomes. Given the complexity of pancreas transplantation, multimodality imaging plays a central role in evaluating graft function and identifying complications. Each modality provides pertinent information based on the complication suspected. This review outlines imaging strategies essential for assessing graft viability, distinguishing expected postoperative findings from pathologic conditions, and recognizing early signs of graft dysfunction. It also highlights the expanding role of interventional radiology, emphasizing minimally invasive techniques for effectively managing post-transplant complications and promoting better graft survival. By integrating current imaging protocols with interventional methodologies, this review offers radiologists and transplant clinicians a practical framework to optimize clinical decision-making, improve complication management, and enhance long-term graft outcomes.