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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral neuroscience
  • Cognitive psychology
  • Human-computer interaction

Background:

  • Previous research suggests sex-based differences in exploration styles, with females often exhibiting more cautious behavior.
  • Exploration is a complex behavior, and prior studies have often focused on limited aspects, leading to vague definitions of sex differences.
  • The developmental trajectory of sex differences in exploration remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate sex and age differences in exploration behavior using a fine-grained, multi-faceted approach.
  • To identify distinct measures of exploration and analyze individual differences across the lifespan.
  • To explore the potential of these measures as cognitive markers for neuropsychiatric disorders.

Main Methods:

  • A 3D virtual environment was used for exploration tasks with 206 females and 218 males aged 7-77 years.
  • Standard animal exploration measures (roaming entropy, distance traveled, shape, efficiency) were computed.
  • Hierarchical cluster analysis identified three key exploration dimensions: activity, efficiency, and shape.

Main Results:

  • Males exhibited higher exploratory activity and a more complex exploration shape compared to females.
  • Females demonstrated greater exploratory efficiency, navigating the environment more effectively.
  • No significant interaction between age and sex was found, indicating stable differences across the lifespan.
  • Older individuals showed simpler exploration paths (lower sinuosity/tortuosity) than younger individuals.

Conclusions:

  • Exploration behavior is influenced by individual differences, specifically sex and age.
  • Females are more efficient explorers despite potentially showing more caution.
  • Novel, fine-grained measures of exploration could serve as valuable cognitive markers for conditions like schizophrenia.