Site-selective ligand defects open up a Zr-oxo cluster electron transfer pathway for CO₂ photoreduction

Whilst defect engineering is a sound approach to enhance CO₂ photoreduction based on metal organic frameworks (MOFs), the underlying mechanisms were not well understood on an atomic scale. This study aims to elucidate the mechanisms at the atomic level, to provide vital insights to enable the design and development of selectively introduced ligand defects to maximize the CO₂ photoreduction capability of a classical MOF UiO-66-NH₂ without the need for co-catalysts, sacrificial agents and photosensitizers. Defect-containing UiO-66-NH₂ (Zr/Ce_0.25) demonstrates superior charge separation and CO₂ photoreduction than both regular UiO-66-NH₂ (Zr/Ce_0.25) and UiO-66-NH₂. The doped Ce is a key contributor to managing the coordination environment of the linkers, enabling the formation of selectively introduced ligand defects. The selective loss of ligands exposes pyramid-shaped activated clusters and facilitates spatial charge separation. As a result, electrons are transferred through Ce-O-Zr and Ce-O_vacancy-Zr pathways, effectively narrowing the band gap and suppressing photoinduced charge recombination. These findings are expected to provide alternative perspectives on selective defect engineering for the design and manufacture of high-performance MOF photo-catalysts for a variety of value-added engineering applications.