"Ageism can affect anyone": teaching ageism as a threshold concept

Threshold concepts are key ideas that once understood, lead to fundamental shifts in knowledge that transform how people learn and understand the world. This study examines the effects of using a threshold concept approach to teach ageism and compares undergraduate students' perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors across different classes. Four entry-level gerontology courses participated; two used the threshold concept framework, while the other two employed a traditional one-time module. In-class survey data were collected from all four courses; word clouds and qualitative reflections were collected from intervention courses before and after the intervention. SPSS was used for descriptive analysis, and content analysis for qualitative data. Results indicated a shift in the intervention groups' understanding of ageism. Initially, students associated aging with negative stereotypes and physical decline, but they later developed a more nuanced view of aging, recognizing ageism's broader societal implications after the intervention. Word clouds revealed a shift from negative to more diverse descriptors of aging. The findings suggest that integrating threshold concepts into curriculum fosters irreversible changes in attitudes and perspectives toward aging, encouraging a more positive and inclusive view. Future research should explore the long-term effects of this approach and its application across other gerontological contexts.