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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity
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Coexistence vs collapse in transposon populations.

Aria Yom1, Nathan E Lewis2,3

  • 1Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego.

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Transposons form intracellular ecosystems where one DNA sequence parasitizes another. A new model reveals that when transposons replicate faster than their parasites, these ecosystems collapse, suggesting low replication rates are key for stability.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Transposons are mobile genetic elements present across all life forms.
  • Intracellular ecosystems can form when one transposon parasitizes another.
  • The dynamics and stability of these transposon ecosystems are poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a stochastic model for intracellular transposon ecosystems.
  • To identify the conditions leading to the collapse or stable coexistence of these ecosystems.
  • To understand the role of replication rates in transposon dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a stochastic mathematical model simulating transposon-parasite interactions.
  • Analysis of model parameters to identify critical transitions in ecosystem stability.
  • Comparison of model predictions with natural transposon populations.

Main Results:

  • A critical transition point was identified: ecosystem collapse occurs when a transposon's replication rate exceeds that of its parasites.
  • The model predicts that stable coexistence requires lower replication rates for the parasite compared to the host transposon.
  • The model suggests that equilibrium states are characterized by low replication rates, consistent with observations in natural systems.

Conclusions:

  • Transposon replication rates are critical determinants of intracellular ecosystem stability.
  • Parasitism dynamics, specifically replication rate differentials, can drive population collapse in transposon communities.
  • The findings provide a framework for understanding the evolution and regulation of mobile genetic elements.