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Related Concept Videos

Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream01:27

Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream

Consider a control volume, such as a pipe with solid boundaries, through which fluid flows and changes direction due to the impulse exerted by the resulting force from the pipe walls. In steady flow, the mass of fluid entering the control volume at a given time, t, with velocity v1, is equal to the mass leaving after infinitesimal time dt, with velocity v2.
During this process, the momentum of the fluid within the control volume remains constant over the time interval dt. By applying the...
Continuity Equation01:28

Continuity Equation

The continuity equation asserts that the mass flow rate must remain constant for a steady flow of an incompressible fluid within a confined system. This principle applies to systems where fluid passes through varying cross-sectional areas, such as nozzles, syringes, and pipes.
The mass flow rate is expressed as:
Conservation of Mass in Finite Cotrol Volume01:16

Conservation of Mass in Finite Cotrol Volume

The principle of conservation of mass is a fundamental law in fluid mechanics and is applied using the continuity equation. We apply the concept to a finite control volume to derive the continuity equation.
A system is defined as a collection of unchanging contents, and the conservation of mass states that a system's mass is constant.
Gradually Varying Flow01:29

Gradually Varying Flow

Gradually varying flow (GVF) in open channels describes situations where water depth changes slowly along the channel due to factors like non-uniform bed slope, channel shape variations, or obstructions. This flow type occurs when the depth adjusts gradually to balance gravitational forces, shear forces, and energy requirements, resulting in a low rate of depth change.Characteristics of Gradually Varying FlowGVF is commonly observed in natural streams, rivers, and canals, where flow depth...
Rapidly Varying Flow01:24

Rapidly Varying Flow

Rapidly varying flow (RVF) in open channels is characterized by abrupt changes in flow depth over a short distance, with the rate of depth change relative to distance often approaching unity. These flows are inherently complex due to their transient and multi-dimensional nature, making exact analysis difficult. However, approximate solutions using simplified models provide valuable insights into their behavior.Key Features of Rapidly Varying FlowRVF is commonly observed in scenarios involving...
Downstream Processing01:29

Downstream Processing

Downstream processing begins once fermentation is complete and involves a series of steps to recover and purify products such as acids, vitamins, antibiotics, or proteins.Cell HarvestingFor example, for intracellular protein-based products, the first step is harvesting the cells. This is typically achieved using centrifugation or filtration to separate the cells from the liquid phase.Cell Disruption for Intracellular ProductsIf the target product is intracellular, the harvested cells must be...

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Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Creating Sub-50 Nm Nanofluidic Junctions in PDMS Microfluidic Chip via Self-Assembly Process of Colloidal Particles
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Self-assembly under continuous flow conditions.

Liqun Guo1, Qiang Zhu1, Anna G Slater1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK. Liqun.Guo2@liverpool.ac.uk.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|June 6, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Flow chemistry enhances self-assembly for creating advanced materials. This method offers better control over scalable production, selectivity, crystallinity, and particle characteristics for supramolecular structures.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Self-assembly is fundamental for hierarchical supramolecular structures and functional materials.
  • Flow chemistry offers superior control over self-assembly compared to batch processes.
  • Key parameters like mixing, temperature, and residence time are precisely regulated in flow systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in self-assembly under flow conditions.
  • To highlight the advantages of flow chemistry in supramolecular material fabrication.
  • To demonstrate the value of flow-based technology for advanced materials science.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on self-assembly in flow chemistry.
  • Analysis of advantages in scalable production, selectivity, crystallinity, and particle formation.
  • Discussion of selected case studies, including the authors' work.

Main Results:

  • Flow chemistry enables scalable and controlled synthesis of complex molecular architectures.
  • Enhanced control over selectivity, product crystallinity, and particle size/morphology.
  • Demonstrated value of flow systems for fabricating supramolecular structures.

Conclusions:

  • Flow chemistry is a powerful tool for self-assembly processes.
  • It offers significant advantages for producing advanced supramolecular materials.
  • Flow-based technology represents a promising direction in materials science.