Cold Consolidation of Waste Glass by Alkali Activation and Curing by Traditional and Microwave Heating

Despite efforts to recycle, boro-alumino-silicate pharmaceutical glass (BASG) results in a significant portion of glass cullet currently landfilled. Highly contaminated fractions of BASG cullet are largely unemployed because of the presence of metals in their composition that prevents recycling. This waste glass can be eligible to produce sustainable alkali-activated materials (AAMs) reducing at the same time consumption of raw materials and CO₂ emissions. The 'weak' alkaline attack (NaOH < 3 M) determines the gelation of glass suspensions. Condensation reactions occur in hydrated surface layers, leading to strong bonds (Si-O-Si, Al-O-Si, etc.) between individual glass particles. Alkali are mostly expelled from the gel due to the formation of water-soluble hydrated carbonates. Microwave treatment has been implemented on samples after precuring at 40 °C, saving time and energy and achieving better mechanical properties. To improve the stability and reduce the release of glass components into solution, the consolidated monoliths were subjected to boiling/drying cycles. The chemical stability, cytotoxicity and antibacterial behavior of the final products have been investigated with the purpose of obtaining new competitive and sustainable materials. For further stabilization and for finding new applications, the activated and boiled samples can be fired at low temperature (700 °C) to obtain, respectively, a homogeneous foam or a compact material with glass-like density and microstructure.