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Reining in Punitive Discipline: Recent Trends in Exclusionary School Discipline Disparities
NaYoung Hwang1, Emily K Penner2, Miles Davison2
1University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
Socius : Sociological Research for a Dynamic World
|June 16, 2025
Summary
Exclusionary school discipline, including suspensions, has significantly decreased nationwide. While racial and socioeconomic disparities have narrowed, Black and economically disadvantaged students still face disproportionate discipline.
Area of Science:
- Education Policy
- Sociology of Education
- Educational Psychology
Background:
- Persistent concerns exist regarding racial and socioeconomic disparities in school disciplinary actions.
- Efforts to reduce exclusionary school discipline practices, such as suspensions and expulsions, are ongoing in the U.S.
Purpose of the Study:
- To analyze trends in exclusionary school discipline in Indiana and Oregon.
- To examine changes in racial and socioeconomic disparities associated with school discipline over time.
Main Methods:
- The study examined trends in exclusionary discipline data from Indiana and Oregon.
- Analysis focused on changes in suspension and expulsion rates and associated disparities.
Main Results:
- Both Indiana and Oregon show a substantial decline in the use of exclusionary discipline.
- Racial and socioeconomic disparities in discipline have narrowed in both states.
- Black students and economically disadvantaged students remain disproportionately affected by exclusionary discipline.
Conclusions:
- Broad-based shifts in disciplinary norms have occurred across the U.S. over the last decade.
- Despite progress, targeted interventions are still needed to address persistent disparities in school discipline for vulnerable student groups.
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