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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction
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Photopolymerization Using Thiol-Epoxy 'Click' Reaction: Anionic Curing through Photolatent Superbases.

Anzar Khan1

  • 1National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies - INCDTIM, 67-103 Donat Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

ACS Polymers Au
|June 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Photoinduced anionic curing using thiol-epoxy reactions offers advantages like air insensitivity and low shrinkage. This review highlights photolatent catalysts for advanced polymer materials and patterning.

Keywords:
anionic curingphotobase generatorsphotochemical cross-linkingphotoclick reactionsuperbasesthiol−epoxy reaction‘click’ chemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Photochemistry

Background:

  • Thiol-epoxy "click" reactions provide advantages over traditional photochemical cross-linking, including air/moisture insensitivity and low volume shrinkage.
  • Photolatent catalysts generate strong organic bases under light, enabling controlled polymerization.
  • This approach is suitable for bulk polymerization, lithography, hydrogel formation, and creating photoactive materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the emerging field of photoinduced anionic curing of epoxides by thiols.
  • To highlight the development and application of photolatent catalysts for thiol-epoxy photopolymerization.
  • To discuss the versatility of thiol-epoxy chemistry in creating advanced materials with tunable properties.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing photolatent catalysts to generate superbases upon irradiation (UV to near-infrared).
  • Employing base-catalyzed ring-opening of epoxides by thiols for cross-linking.
  • Exploring post-cross-linking modifications like sulfur alkylation and transesterification.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated advantages of thiol-epoxy photopolymerization: air/moisture insensitivity, low shrinkage, good adhesion, and reduced need for post-baking.
  • Fabrication of micro- and nanosized patterns via lithography.
  • Development of functional materials with antibiofouling (zwitterionic) and antibacterial (cationic) properties.
  • Introduction of vitrimer properties for reshaping, shape memory effects, and 3D printing.

Conclusions:

  • Photoinduced anionic curing of epoxides by thiols is a versatile and advantageous photopolymerization technique.
  • Photolatent catalysts enable precise control over material properties and fabrication.
  • Thiol-epoxy chemistry offers a pathway to advanced functional polymers, including hydrogels, photoactive materials, and recyclable thermosets.