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The Extracellular Matrix

The Extracellular Matrix

Overview
In order to maintain tissue organization, many animal cells are surrounded by structural molecules that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, the molecules in the ECM maintain the structural integrity of tissue as well as the remarkable specific properties of certain tissues.
Composition of the Extracellular Matrix
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is commonly composed of ground substance, a gel-like fluid, fibrous components, and many structurally and functionally diverse...

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Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Ceramic Omnidirectional Bioprinting in Cell-Laden Suspensions for the Generation of Bone Analogs

Ceramic Omnidirectional Bioprinting in Cell-Laden Suspensions for the Generation of Bone Analogs

Published on: August 8, 2022

Recapitulating the bone extracellular matrix through 3D bioprinting using various crosslinking chemistries.

Laurens Parmentier¹, Edward Vermeersch¹, Sandra Van Vlierberghe¹

¹Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of sciences, Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group (PBM), Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

|June 20, 2025

Summary

Bioprinting natural polymer hydrogels guides bone regeneration by controlling cellular environments. Further research comparing crosslinking methods is needed for advanced osteogenesis constructs.

Keywords:

biofabrication biophysical cues bone extracellular matrix chain-growth crosslinking mechanobiology natural polymer step-growth crosslinking

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Last Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Ceramic Omnidirectional Bioprinting in Cell-Laden Suspensions for the Generation of Bone Analogs

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Published on: August 8, 2022

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Bioprinting of Cartilage and Skin Tissue Analogs Utilizing a Novel Passive Mixing Unit Technique for Bioink Precellularization

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Published on: January 3, 2018

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Tissue Engineering
Regenerative Medicine

Background:

Bioprinting enables spatial organization of cellular niches within tissue-engineered constructs.
Natural polymer hydrogels mimic bone osteoid matrix, presenting biophysical and biochemical cues for osteogenesis.
Mechanobiology concepts are crucial for understanding cell-biomaterial interactions in bioprinted constructs.

Purpose of the Study:

To review bioprinting strategies for osteogenesis, focusing on printing approaches and crosslinking chemistry.
To analyze cell-biomaterial interactions within bioprinted constructs based on mechanobiology.
To identify future directions for developing functional, scalable, and hierarchical bone constructs.

Main Methods:

Review of deposition-based and light-based bioprinting techniques.
Analysis of chain-growth and step-growth crosslinking chemistries in bioinks.
Examination of cell-biomaterial interactions and mechanobiology principles.

Main Results:

Bioprinting approaches and crosslinking methods significantly influence osteogenesis.
Cell-biomaterial interactions, printing process, and cell characteristics dictate osteoregenerative outcomes.
Step-growth crosslinking systems show promise for cell encapsulation in osteogenesis constructs.

Conclusions:

Further evaluation of step-growth systems is needed compared to prevalent chain-growth systems like GelMA for osteogenesis bioprinting.
Combining multiple bioprinting strategies is essential to address challenges in creating functional, hierarchical bone constructs.
Future efforts should focus on incorporating vascularization and innervation for enhanced osteoregenerative potential.