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Refined signal space separation methods for on-scalp MEG systems.

Alexandria N McPherson1,2, Iman Fahmy1,2, Eric Larson2

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America.

Physics in Medicine and Biology
|June 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Multi-origin signal space separation (mSSS) improves biomagnetic measurements for on-scalp magnetoencephalography (MEG) systems. This novel method offers better stability and a lower noise floor than standard SSS, enhancing data analysis for new sensor technologies.

Keywords:
MEGSSSbiomagnetismoptically pumped magnetometer

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Neuroimaging
  • Signal Processing

Background:

  • Biomagnetic measurements are crucial for understanding brain activity.
  • Signal Space Separation (SSS) is a key data processing technique for magnetoencephalography (MEG).
  • The advent of on-scalp optically-pumped magnetometers (OPMs) necessitates refined SSS methods for improved spatial resolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate novel multi-origin signal space separation (mSSS) techniques for on-scalp MEG systems.
  • To adapt SSS methods, including vector spheroidal harmonics, for improved brain-space coverage with OPMs.
  • To assess the performance of mSSS against standard SSS using simulated and real MEG data.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated two-origin mSSS and spheroidal constructions.
  • Utilized simulated data with internal dipole sources and external interference across various MEG systems (Kernel Flux OPM, MEGIN SQUID, QuSpin OPM).
  • Processed real auditory evoked data, empty-room data, and audiovisual data from OPM systems.

Main Results:

  • mSSS demonstrated comparable or superior stability to SSS across all tested sensor geometries.
  • mSSS effectively reconstructed internal signals while suppressing external interference, outperforming SSS with on-scalp systems.
  • Results showed mSSS provides a lower noise floor and better performance, especially for low-channel-count OPM systems.

Conclusions:

  • mSSS is a robust and straightforward modification to SSS, suitable for novel on-scalp MEG sensor systems.
  • Updated data analysis techniques like mSSS are essential as on-scalp MEG systems become more prevalent.
  • The proposed mSSS method enhances the reliability and spatial resolution of biomagnetic measurements using OPMs.