Exploring the critical role of non-coding RNAs in plant development and stress adaptation-current status and insights

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), a major fraction of the genome earlier considered as transcriptomic noise has now been uncovered as functional regulators over the past decade. NcRNAs are recognized for their structural and regulatory role in intricate network of plant development and stress response, offering novel insights into molecular mechanisms underlying plant resilience. Advanced sequencing technologies have facilitated the identification and characterization of ncRNAs, highlighting their significance in plant growth, development, and stress responses. This review comprehensively addresses the varied roles of ncRNAs in orchestrating stress perception and response with a brief introduction of various classes of ncRNAs. Further, mode of action and mechanistic role of ncRNAs in modulating genetic regulation of stress response are discussed, along with the role of various ncRNA involved in regulating plant architectural changes. The ncRNA are currently exploited for developing stress-resilient crop varieties with improved yield, especially in the context of global climate change and food security. By integrating molecular perspectives with practical implications, this review offers a thorough understanding of how ncRNAs contribute to plant stress responses, paving the way for innovative strategies in crop improvement and sustainable agriculture.