Broken Windows Theory-Based Spectator Behavior Scale (BWTSBS): a validity and reliability study

Area of Science:

• Sports Science
• Psychology
• Sociology

Background:

• Understanding spectator behavior is crucial in sports.
• Existing measures may not fully capture the nuances of fan engagement.
• The Broken Windows Theory offers a framework for analyzing environmental cues and their impact on behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

• To develop and validate a scale measuring spectator behaviors.
• To assess fan and spectator actions within diverse sports contexts.
• To utilize the Broken Windows Theory in understanding audience conduct.

Main Methods:

• The study involved 220 fans aged 18+ from diverse socio-economic and geographic backgrounds across Turkey.
• A stratified sampling method ensured representation across different sports (e.g., soccer, basketball).
• Data were collected using a Personal Information Form and the Audience Behavior Scale Based on Broken Windows Theory (BWTSBS), which underwent validity and reliability testing.

Main Results:

• Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to establish construct validity.
• Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) verified the scale's factor structure using various fit indices (e.g., χ²/df, CFI, RMSEA).
• The analysis confirmed the scale's structural integrity and its ability to represent the data.

Conclusions:

• The Audience Behavior Scale Based on Broken Windows Theory (BWTSBS) is a valid and reliable instrument.
• The scale can effectively measure spectator behaviors among diverse fan groups.
• This research contributes a valuable tool for studying fan psychology and sports sociology.