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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
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Muscle coordination is a complex and finely tuned process essential for smooth and purposeful movements like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation. The human body orchestrates the actions of various muscles working in concert, each with a specific role. Four functional types describe how muscles work together: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
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Published on: July 5, 2011

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Rotator Cuff Repair With "BicepBrace" Biceps Tendon Augmentation.

Theodore Joaquin1, Gregory Perraut2, Brandon Crowley2

  • 1Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, U.S.A.

Arthroscopy Techniques
|June 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Massive rotator cuff tears often fail surgical repair. A novel biceps tendon transfer technique offers an accessible, cost-effective solution to improve outcomes for these challenging injuries.

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Last Updated: Sep 18, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Musculoskeletal Research

Background:

  • Massive rotator cuff tears represent a significant challenge in orthopedic surgery.
  • Current surgical repair methods for these tears have a high failure rate.
  • Improved techniques are needed to enhance clinical outcomes and durability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a novel biceps tendon transfer technique for repairing massive rotator cuff tears.
  • To present an accessible and cost-effective surgical augmentation method.
  • To highlight the potential of this technique for improving patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • A technical note detailing a specific biceps tendon transfer procedure.
  • The technique is presented as an adjunct to standard rotator cuff repair.
  • Focus on the ease, cost-effectiveness, and accessibility of the method.

Main Results:

  • The described technique offers a viable option for managing massive rotator cuff tears.
  • It aims to improve functional outcomes in patients with unreconstructable tears.
  • The method is presented as a potentially valuable augmentation strategy.

Conclusions:

  • Biceps tendon transfer is a promising, accessible technique for massive rotator cuff tear repair.
  • Further clinical and biomechanical research is warranted to validate its utility.
  • This augmentation may benefit rotator cuff repairs of various sizes.