Toward Integrative Biomechanical Models of Osteochondral Tissues: A Multilayered Perspective

Area of Science:

• Biomechanics
• Computational Modeling
• Tissue Engineering

Background:

• Osteochondral tissues possess complex mechanical properties crucial for joint health.
• In silico modeling is vital for advancing experimental research in joint degeneration and regeneration.
• Existing models often lack layer-specific considerations for the heterogeneous osteochondral unit.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and analyze constitutive models for different osteochondral tissue layers.
• To propose a layer-specific modeling approach for accurate in silico representation.
• To provide a foundation for modular, coupled computational models of the osteochondral region.

Main Methods:

• Comprehensive literature review of constitutive models for articular cartilage, calcified cartilage, tidemark, subchondral bone plate, and subchondral trabecular bone.
• Critical comparison of mathematical models based on structural and mechanical properties.
• Identification of suitable models for each distinct layer of the osteochondral region.

Main Results:

• Viscoelastic models are proposed as a pragmatic starting point for articular cartilage, tidemark, and calcified cartilage, capturing time-dependent behaviors.
• Linear elastic models are identified as optimal for subchondral bone plate and trabecular bone due to their dense and stiff nature.
• A layer-specific modeling approach offers physiologically coherent and computationally efficient osteochondral representations.

Conclusions:

• Layer-specific modeling enhances the accuracy and efficiency of in silico osteochondral simulations.
• This approach facilitates modular simulations and the coupling of computational models.
• The findings support scaffold design, in vitro studies, and mechanobiological exploration for osteochondral degeneration and repair.