Defining and Using Gender/Sex in Human Biology: Where Are We? Where Should We Be?

Area of Science:

• Human biology research
• Scientific communication
• Sex and gender studies

Background:

• Sex and gender categories are frequently employed in human biology for research design and analysis.
• The precise definitions and operationalization of these terms in published research remain unclear.
• Inconsistent terminology can impact the validity and interpretation of scientific findings.

Purpose of the Study:

• To assess the definitions and usage of "sex" and "gender" in recent human biology publications.
• To identify inconsistencies in how these terms are defined and applied in research.
• To explore the implications of language use on scientific precision and dissemination.

Main Methods:

• Systematic coding of original research studies published in the American Journal of Human Biology in 2023.
• Analysis of textual data to identify definitions and operationalization of sex and gender.
• Qualitative assessment of term usage and consistency.

Main Results:

• Significant inconsistencies were found in the definition and application of sex and gender terms.
• These terms are often conflated and lack clear definitions within studies.
• Readers frequently need to infer definitions and operational methods.

Conclusions:

• Precise and nuanced use of sex and gender terminology is crucial for scientific accuracy.
• Improved language in research reporting enhances the dissemination and translational potential of human biology findings.
• Human biologists have an opportunity to lead in developing clearer standards for sex and gender reporting.