Redefining sustainable commuting: emerging trends and pandemic-induced changes at the University of Wisconsin-Madison

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, daily commuting was considered standard practice for many employees. The pandemic propelled a shift to hybrid and remote work, and the subsequent sustainability implications are highlighted through a survey-based case study at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. This study investigated potential sustainability advantages and disadvantages of implementing optional hybrid and remote work through environmental impact analysis and thematic coding. Weather-induced mode shifts, local transportation fuel mix, and regional electricity mix were accounted for. Findings indicate a substantial reduction in the energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and air pollutants associated with commuting changes post-pandemic due to the option of remote work. A 40%-48% reduction was observed across environmental impact categories, representing an annual savings of nearly 7 million kJ of energy and 480 kg carbon dioxide equivalent per person. Results also indicate an annual reduction of over 1,600 mi. commuted and nearly 100 hr per person spent in travel. Thematic coding identified qualitative impacts including personal benefits, productivity levels, and work-life balance of remote work. The findings have relevance for decision making around the built environment as well as human health and well-being. Applications of the findings are pertinent for many businesses and locations, as workplaces evaluate post-pandemic commute modality options. As the need to curtail transportation emissions intensifies in the face of climate change, remote and hybrid work may offer sustainable and innovative solutions.