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Examining Foot Shape Variations in Individuals With and Without Diabetes.

Sarah L Hemler1,2, Robert W Schuster3,4, A-V Behling3

  • 1Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Journal of Foot and Ankle Research
|June 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diabetic foot shape varies significantly, especially with neuropathy, impacting footwear needs. Understanding these 3D foot shape differences is crucial for preventing diabetic foot ulcers and amputations.

Keywords:
diabetic footperipheral neuropathyshoe fitstatistical shape modeling

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Podiatry
  • Diabetology

Background:

  • Properly fitting footwear is critical for individuals with diabetes to prevent serious complications like foot ulcers and amputations.
  • A significant gap exists in 3D foot shape data differentiating individuals with and without diabetes and peripheral neuropathy.
  • Understanding these variations is vital for designing effective footwear and implementing preventative strategies for diabetic foot ulcers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify external foot shape differences between individuals with and without diabetes and peripheral neuropathy.
  • To investigate demographic and health factors influencing these foot shape variations.
  • To assess the utility of 3D foot scanning and analysis techniques for footwear design and ulcer prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Acquisition and analysis of 136 3D foot scans from older adults.
  • Creation and assessment of foot shape models using Principal Component Analysis (PCA).
  • Application of Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) to identify predictive factors for diabetes and neuropathy.

Main Results:

  • Feet of individuals with diabetes and neuropathy exhibit more pronounced variations in features like ankle width, arch height, and foot morphology (edema vs. atrophic).
  • The intrascore spread (PC1 and PC2) was 43% larger for those with diabetes and neuropathy compared to those without, and 24% larger than those with neuropathy alone.
  • PLSR indicated potential for predicting diabetes and neuropathy presence, though further data is needed.

Conclusions:

  • 3D foot shape analysis reveals significant variations in individuals with diabetes and neuropathy, highlighting the need for specialized footwear.
  • Techniques like PCA and PLSR can quantify these foot shape changes, informing the development of better-fitting shoes.
  • Improved footwear design based on detailed foot morphology data can aid in the prevention of diabetic foot complications.