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Updated: Sep 17, 2025

Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
Published on: June 16, 2014
Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Diseases and Vascular Function in Chronic Kidney Disease
Ester Oh1, Kristen Nowak1, Silvi Shah2
1Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
None:
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We summarize the current knowledge of sex differences and associated vascular dysfunction in patients with CKD. We discuss mechanisms that may partially explain the sex differences in cardiovascular risk in CKD, which include sex differences in CKD progression that may uniquely impact the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and gonadal hormone production. We also highlight the gaps and challenges in research on sex differences in CVD risk and women's vascular health in CKD, as well as specific future approaches to further research on this topic.
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