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Related Concept Videos

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

116
Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
116
The Equilibrium Constant03:10

The Equilibrium Constant

49.4K
Consider the oxidation of sulfur dioxide:
49.4K
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

4.6K
Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
4.6K
Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

3.7K
Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
3.7K
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

4.0K
Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
4.0K
Preparation of Nitriles01:12

Preparation of Nitriles

2.2K
One of the common methods to prepare nitriles is the dehydration of amides. This method requires strong dehydrating agents like phosphorous pentoxide or boiling acetic anhydride for converting amides to nitriles. Another reagent namely, thionyl chloride also accomplishes the dehydration of amides, where amide acts as a nucleophile. The first step of the mechanism involves the nucleophilic attack by the amide on the thionyl chloride to form an intermediate. In the next step, the electron pairs...
2.2K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 17, 2025

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O
08:05

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O

Published on: October 7, 2020

6.2K

Near-Unity Nitrate to Ammonia conversion via reactant enrichment at the solid-liquid interface.

Wanru Liao1,2, Jun Wang1,2, Yao Tan1

  • 1Hunan Joint International Research Center for Carbon Dioxide Resource Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Physics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China.

Nature Communications
|July 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electroreduction of nitrate to ammonia is key for energy solutions. This study enhances nitrate reduction by engineering catalysts to attract nitrate ions, boosting ammonia production efficiency even at low concentrations.

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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

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Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery
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Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

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Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O
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Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O

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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

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Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery
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Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Nitrate electroreduction to ammonia (NH3) offers a sustainable energy pathway.
  • Activity is hindered by nitrate (NO3-) mass transfer limitations, especially at low concentrations.
  • Electron repulsion at the cathode surface impedes nitrate access to the inner Helmholtz plane (IHP).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a generic strategy for enhancing nitrate electroreduction via catalyst bandstructure engineering.
  • To improve nitrate ion enrichment at the electrode-electrolyte interface.
  • To overcome mass transfer limitations for efficient ammonia synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized solid-liquid (S-L) junction formation in Ag-doped MoS2 (Ag-MoS2) catalysts.
  • Engineered catalyst bandstructure to facilitate charge rearrangement and ion attraction.
  • Investigated hole transfer dynamics at the electrode/electrolyte interface.

Main Results:

  • Ag-MoS2 demonstrated a ~28.6-fold increase in nitrate concentration within the IHP compared to controls.
  • Achieved near-100% ammonia (NH3) Faradaic efficiency.
  • Obtained an ammonia yield rate of ~20 mg h-1 cm-2 under ultralow nitrate concentrations.

Conclusions:

  • Catalyst bandstructure engineering via S-L junctions effectively enriches nitrate ions.
  • This approach significantly enhances the efficiency of nitrate electroreduction to ammonia.
  • The strategy holds promise for practical applications in sustainable ammonia production.