Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at high-speed. Their catalytic efficiency values range from 108-109 M-1s-1. These enzymes are also called 'diffusion-controlled' as the only rate-limiting step in the catalysis is that of the substrate diffusion into the active site. Examples include triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and superoxide dismutase.

Most enzymes...

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from 1 to 1000 molecules per second. Catalase has the known highest turnover number, capable of converting up to 2.8×106 molecules of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen per second. Lysozyme has the lowest known turnover number of half a molecule per second.
Chymotrypsin is a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down proteins during digestion....

Predicting Reaction Outcomes

Predicting Reaction Outcomes

Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Genome-Scale Community Models for Designing Efficient Lignocellulolytic Bacterial Consortia Using Bovine Rumen Microbes.

ACS synthetic biology·2026

Same author

Engineering Multicellular Breast Cancer Spheroids in Decellularized Adipose Tissue Hydrogels Using a Microfluidic Platform to Recapitulate Tumor Microenvironment Complexity.

ACS applied bio materials·2026

Same author

Constraint-Based Metabolic Modeling Approach for Microbial Communities.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same author

A biomimetic in vitro glomerular filtration barrier model for investigating renal barrier dysfunction in hyperglycemia.

Biomaterials advances·2026

Same author

Transferrin Receptor 1 Overexpression Drives Proliferation and Ferroptosis Sensitivity in Glioblastoma: A Potential Therapeutic Vulnerability.

Neuropathology : official journal of the Japanese Society of Neuropathology·2026

Same author

A decade of antimicrobial resistance in <i>Vibrio</i> spp.: genomic and functional insights.

Microbiology spectrum·2026

Same journal

Application of Screen Printing in Perovskite Solar Devices.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026

Same journal

One-Shot Pd(II)-Catalyzed Multiple C-H Activation Enables Modular Construction of Fluorenylidene Oxindole-Based Multi(Polycyclic) Aromatic Enes.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026

Same journal

Rapid Assembly of a Covalently Locked Organic Cage Revealing Symmetry-Matched Guest Recognition.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026

Same journal

Expanding Cyanide-Bridged Weakly Coordinating Anions Through the Brominated Silver Salt Ag[BCNB<sup>Br</sup>].

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026

Same journal

Photoexcited Nickel(0)-Catalyzed Direct Decarboxylative Cross-Coupling.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026

Same journal

Divergent Total Syntheses of Bisnicalaterine Alkaloids Enabled by a Stereocontrolled Geissoschizol Synthesis.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 17, 2025

Combustion Characterization and Model Fuel Development for Micro-tubular Flame-assisted Fuel Cells

Combustion Characterization and Model Fuel Development for Micro-tubular Flame-assisted Fuel Cells

Published on: October 2, 2016

Chemical Fuel-Driven Networked Catalytic Machinery.

Amit Ghosh¹, Sohom Kundu¹, Michael Schmittel¹

¹Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, Siegen, D-57068, Germany.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|July 2, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces networked molecular machinery that combines chemical fuel-driven communication and catalysis. It demonstrates pulsed, time-programmed catalysis mimicking biological complexity.

Keywords:

chemical fuel molecular machine rotaxane supramolecular chemistry switchable catalysis

More Related Videos

Biomass Conversion to Produce Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuel Via Hot-vapor Filtered Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Hydrotreating

Biomass Conversion to Produce Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuel Via Hot-vapor Filtered Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Hydrotreating

Published on: December 25, 2016

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 17, 2025

Combustion Characterization and Model Fuel Development for Micro-tubular Flame-assisted Fuel Cells

Combustion Characterization and Model Fuel Development for Micro-tubular Flame-assisted Fuel Cells

Published on: October 2, 2016

Biomass Conversion to Produce Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuel Via Hot-vapor Filtered Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Hydrotreating

Biomass Conversion to Produce Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuel Via Hot-vapor Filtered Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Hydrotreating

Published on: December 25, 2016

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

Area of Science:

Supramolecular Chemistry
Chemical Engineering
Catalysis

Background:

Networked molecular machinery represents a frontier in creating complex systems with programmable functions.
Integrating communication and catalysis within these machines is crucial for advanced applications.
Previous systems lacked the dynamic, fuel-driven control demonstrated here.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel networked molecular machine integrating chemical-fuel-driven communication and catalysis.
To demonstrate pulsed operation and time-programmed catalytic activity.
To mimic the complexity and responsiveness of biological systems.

Main Methods:

Utilized a self-sorted system comprising zinc hexacyclen, a silver(I)-loaded receptor, and a [2]rotaxane (NetState-I).
Employed 2-cyano-2-phenylpropanoic acid as a chemical fuel to trigger molecular translocation events.
Quantified catalytic activity of the transiently generated silver(I) [2]rotaxane using kinetic measurements (k298 = 176 kHz).

Main Results:

Demonstrated a cascade process involving the translocation of Zn2+ and Ag(I) ions upon addition of chemical fuel.
Showcased that catalytic activity of silver(I) is masked in the initial networked state and activated upon translocation.
Successfully catalyzed the 6-endo cyclization of 2-alkynylbenzaldoxime using the fuel-driven system.

Conclusions:

Presents a pivotal advancement in networked molecular machinery through integrated chemical communication and catalysis.
Establishes a novel paradigm for cascaded signaling and time-programmed catalysis via pulsed operation.
Highlights the potential for mimicking biological system complexity with synthetic molecular machines.