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Related Concept Videos

Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

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Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
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Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

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When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
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Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
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Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions01:17

Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions

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Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
Some...
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MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
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Assembly of Signaling Complexes01:30

Assembly of Signaling Complexes

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Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
Interaction domains in cell signaling
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Updated: Sep 17, 2025

The Power of Simplicity: Sea Urchin Embryos as in Vivo Developmental Models for Studying Complex Cell-to-cell Signaling Network Interactions
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AKT: A Central Node in Complex Signaling Cascades.

Kentaro Minegishi1, Yoh Dobashi2, Emi Kimura2

  • 1Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 330-8503 Saitama, Saitama, Japan.

Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark Edition)
|July 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Akt signaling pathway is crucial for cell maintenance but its dysregulation, through mutations or overexpression, drives cancer. Targeting Akt offers a promising strategy for effective cancer therapy.

Keywords:
Aktlung carcinomanon-coding RNAtargeting therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The Akt (v-akt murine thymoma virus oncogene homologue) kinase is central to cellular maintenance and signal transduction.
  • Aberrant activation of the phosphoinositide-3 kinase-Akt pathway, via overexpression or mutation, is implicated in oncogenic malignancies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular mechanisms of Akt signal transduction.
  • To discuss the physiological roles and pathological consequences of Akt dysregulation in cancer.
  • To explore therapeutic strategies targeting Akt, particularly in lung carcinomas.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on Akt signaling.
  • Analysis of genetic and non-coding RNA regulatory mechanisms.
  • Focus on Akt's role in human cancer tissues, especially lung carcinomas.

Main Results:

  • Akt is frequently activated in human cancers due to upstream signaling issues or intrinsic AKT gene mutations.
  • Dysregulated Akt signaling impacts cell-cycle progression, metabolism, and transcription factor activation, promoting oncogenesis.
  • Non-coding RNAs also play a regulatory role in the Akt pathway.

Conclusions:

  • Akt is a significant therapeutic target in cancer due to its central role in oncogenesis.
  • Understanding the multifaceted regulation of Akt is key to developing effective cancer therapies.
  • Targeting Akt pathways, considering genetic alterations and regulatory networks, holds promise for clinical applications.