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Related Concept Videos

Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 16, 2025

A 3D Organotypic Melanoma Spheroid Skin Model
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Metabolic reprogramming in melanoma therapy.

Dongliang Shen1, Lu Zhang1, Shun Li2

  • 1Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.

Cell Death Discovery
|July 5, 2025
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Summary

Melanoma cancer cells reprogram their metabolism to fuel growth and resist treatment. Targeting these metabolic pathways offers a promising strategy to block melanoma progression and improve therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cancer Metabolism

Background:

  • Melanoma is an aggressive cancer characterized by significant metabolic reprogramming.
  • Metabolic adaptations in melanoma support tumor growth, metastasis, and resistance to therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the latest research on metabolic pathways in melanoma progression.
  • To discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting melanoma metabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on melanoma metabolism.
  • Analysis of metabolic pathways driving melanoma growth, response, and resistance.

Main Results:

  • Metabolic reprogramming is crucial for melanoma's aggressive phenotype.
  • Targeting metabolic pathways shows potential for blocking disease progression.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding melanoma metabolic pathways is key to developing novel therapies.
  • Targeting metabolism, alone or in combination, may improve melanoma treatment outcomes.