Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 16, 2025

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats
Published on: February 15, 2015
[Bidirectional Control of Behavioral Flexibility by Cholinergic Neurons]
1Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University.
Abstract:
Flexibility enables behaviors and thoughts to adapt to changing environments. The basal ganglia may play a critical role in the suppression and enhancement of flexibility by engaging in parallel and serial processing of several aspects of behavioral flexibility via afferent projections from related brain regions, such as the orbitofrontal cortex and intralaminar nucleus. Previous studies have suggested that the interactions between striatal cholinergic interneurons and these brain regions belong to a neuronal system that provides behavioral flexibility without interfering with existing learning and a new one regarding contingency, probably depending on glutaminergic and dopaminergic cholinergic inputs from the cerebral cortex, intralaminar nucleus, midbrain, and pedunculopontine nucleus. In particular, dorsomedial striatum cholinergic interneurons may exert bidirectional control of behavioral flexibility through neuronal dynamics among related brain areas that contribute to the cognitive subprocesses of flexibility.
Related Concept Videos
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacological Actions
Parasympathetic Signaling
The effects of...
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacological Actions
At the neuromuscular junction, these agents work by inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine, allowing it to remain bound to the receptor and bind to nearby receptors. This process leads to repetitive firing of the endplate, causing muscle...
Cholinergic Neurons: Neurotransmission
Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration
Central Control
The brainstem is the primary site of central control, hosting respiratory centers:
Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay

