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Updated: Sep 16, 2025

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies
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Contemporary Considerations for Breast Cancer Risk and Screening in Transgender, Nonbinary, and Gender-Diverse

Victoria Huynh1, Meghan Conroy2, Evelyn F Carroll3

  • 1Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.

Current Breast Cancer Reports
|July 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Breast cancer risk and screening in transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) individuals require more research. Current data suggest varying incidence rates compared to cisgender populations, highlighting the need for prospective studies.

Keywords:
Breast cancerBreast cancer riskGender-affirming careGender-affirming hormone therapySexual and gender minoritiesTransgender

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Breast cancer risk factors are well-established for cisgender individuals but limited for transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) populations.
  • TGD individuals may face unique risks due to gender-affirming hormone therapy and surgeries.
  • Limited data exist on breast cancer incidence and screening for TGD persons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing literature on breast cancer risk in the TGD community.
  • To summarize current breast cancer screening recommendations for TGD individuals.
  • To identify knowledge gaps and the need for further research.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on breast cancer incidence in TGD populations.
  • Analysis of retrospective cohort studies and expert consensus.
  • Extrapolation of screening guidelines from cisgender populations.

Main Results:

  • Transgender women show higher breast cancer incidence than cisgender men, but lower than cisgender women.
  • Transgender men have higher breast cancer rates than cisgender men, but lower than cisgender women.
  • No specific guidelines from major organizations like the USPSTF or ACS are currently available.

Conclusions:

  • Current breast cancer screening guidelines for TGD individuals are based on limited data and expert consensus.
  • Prospective studies are crucial to accurately define breast cancer risk in the TGD community.
  • Further research is needed to establish optimal screening protocols for this vulnerable population.