Evaluating Differences in Smart Walker-Assisted Locomotion in Augmented and Virtual Reality Environment

The global trend of population aging has increased demand for healthcare professionals, particularly those assisting individuals with mobility impairments. To aid these people, rehabilitation robotics, such as smart walkers (SW), can be used to enhance motor capabilities. However, repetitive and painful tasks in rehabilitation can reduce patient engagement and motivation. To help enhance motivation during rehabilitation, tools such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) can be used. In this way, this paper presents a study aimed at evaluating the differences between using AR and VR in locomotion assisted by a SW. Fourteen healthy volunteers were recruited to perform a 3-minute walk, collecting items while assisted by an SW in both AR and VR environments. The results showed a slight increase of 6.2 % more items collected in the AR environment. In terms of enjoyment, volunteers reported greater enjoyment using AR, with Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) questionnaire scores increasing by 5.6 % points in AR compared to VR, with a statistically significant difference ($\mathrm{p}$-value $\text{= 0. 0 3}$). These findings suggest that while both AR and VR provide enjoyment during the task, AR may offer a more enjoyable experience and promote greater confidence using the SW. This paper highlights the potential of AR as a valuable tool to improve user engagement in robotic rehabilitation, suggesting that integrating AR with robotic systems could enhance rehabilitation outcomes.