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Related Concept Videos

Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Visualization Method for Proprioceptive Drift on a 2D Plane Using Support Vector Machine
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Where is My Hand? Assessing Visuo-Tactile Integration of Hand and Shoulder After Virtual Reality Training Using a

Lucas R L Cardoso, Harriet Dempsey-Jones, Antonio P L Bo

    IEEE ... International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics : [Proceedings]
    |July 11, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Virtual reality (VR) rehabilitation using a Body-Machine Interface (BMI) with shoulder control did not significantly alter body perception in neurotypical individuals. Further research is needed to explore tactile feedback

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Rehabilitation Medicine
    • Virtual Reality Technology

    Background:

    • Immersive virtual reality (VR) offers potential for clinical rehabilitation, particularly for stroke survivors.
    • Body-Machine Interfaces (BMIs) using shoulder movements to control virtual limbs may alter body perception.
    • Investigating bodily illusions is key to advancing therapeutic VR applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To examine the effects of a VR motor-training session using shoulder-controlled virtual hands on brain representations of the real hand and shoulder.
    • To assess visuo-tactile integration between the shoulder and hand before and after VR training.

    Main Methods:

    • Adapted the Crossmodal Congruency Test (CCT) to evaluate shoulder-hand visuo-tactile interaction.
    • Neurotypical participants underwent a single VR motor-training session.
    • One group controlled a virtual hand with shoulder movements; another used finger control, both receiving shoulder tactile feedback.

    Main Results:

    • No significant differences were observed in hand-to-shoulder visuo-tactile integration between the groups.
    • The Body-Machine Interface (BMI) did not appear to alter bodily representations of the hand and shoulder in this study.

    Conclusions:

    • The findings suggest that the specific VR BMI intervention may not change body representations, or that tactile feedback alone might be insufficient to induce alterations.
    • Valuable insights were gained, and methodological limitations were identified for future research in VR-based rehabilitation and body perception studies.