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Revealing Developmental Transitions in Perinatal and Infant Individuals Through Microanatomical Analysis.

María Molina Moreno1,2, Danielle M Doe2, Nieves Candelas González2

  • 1Grup de Recerca en Antropología Biològica (GREAB), Departament de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal i D'ecología, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

American Journal of Human Biology : the Official Journal of the Human Biology Council
|July 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Identifying birth events in ancient infant bones is difficult. Microscopic bone analysis reveals distinct developmental changes, allowing accurate identification of the full-term birth period and improving understanding of infant mortality in past populations.

Keywords:
birthbone histologyfull‐termmicroanatomyprenatal

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Area of Science:

  • Paleopathology
  • Bioarchaeology
  • Forensic Anthropology

Background:

  • Identifying birth events in perinatal human remains is challenging due to the absence of direct skeletal markers.
  • Existing age-at-death estimation methods show high variability for prenatal to early postnatal stages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify distinct microanatomical events in humeral cross-sections related to perinatal development.
  • To integrate these findings into the analysis of infant mortality trends in past populations.

Main Methods:

  • Microanatomical analysis of humeral cross-sections from 106 infants (prenatal to 1.5 years).
  • Age-at-death estimation and quantitative microanatomical characterization of nine selected individuals.

Main Results:

  • Microanatomical analysis revealed a higher percentage of mineralized areas (60%-80%) in the youngest infants up to the first neonatal month.
  • Biological age-at-death estimation showed significant overlap across prenatal and postnatal stages.

Conclusions:

  • Microanatomical analysis provides evidence of developmental transitions from prenatal to neonatal stages.
  • The full-term birth period can be identified microanatomically in bone, offering a reliable method for fragmented remains.
  • This approach enhances understanding of gestational development and postnatal survival in ancient populations.