Advances and Challenges in Integrated Circuits for Electrochemical Sensing: Enabling Next-Generation Biomedical and...

Area of Science:

• Electrical Engineering
• Biomedical Engineering
• Materials Science

Background:

• Electrochemical sensing is crucial for biomedical and molecular analysis.
• Key modalities include potentiometry, amperometry, impedimetry, and ISFET-based sensing.
• These methods present unique design challenges for integrated circuits.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review integrated circuit (IC) design and advancements for electrochemical sensing.
• To analyze state-of-the-art readout circuit architectures for biomedical applications.
• To discuss emerging applications like DNA sequencing and molecular sensing.

Main Methods:

• Review of fundamental electrochemical sensing principles and modalities.
• Analysis of transimpedance amplifiers (TIAs) and current conveyor (CC)-based circuits.
• Examination of design strategies for high dynamic range, low noise, and stability.

Main Results:

• Detailed analysis of resistive and capacitive TIAs and CC-based circuits.
• Exploration of trade-offs between speed, power, and noise performance.
• Showcasing advancements in high-throughput, high-speed, and low-power interface circuits.

Conclusions:

• Integrated circuits are advancing electrochemical sensing for biomedical and molecular applications.
• Miniaturization, integration, and scalability remain key challenges.
• High-performance readout architectures are essential for evolving biomedical demands.