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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Gene regulation, phenotypic memory, and selection in fluctuating environments.

Dan Pollack, Takashi Nozoe, Edo Kussell

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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Bacteria use gene regulatory networks to adapt to changing environments. This study reveals how environmental fluctuations select for or against gene regulation, with implications for bacterial evolution and adaptation.

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    Area of Science:

    • Microbial Ecology
    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Systems Biology

    Background:

    • Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) are crucial for bacterial adaptation to environmental changes.
    • Understanding the evolutionary pressures shaping GRNs remains a challenge.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • Investigate the evolutionary costs and benefits of gene regulation in fluctuating metabolic environments.
    • Identify specific environmental conditions that favor or disfavor gene regulation.
    • Elucidate the evolutionary dynamics of sensing and control within GRNs.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized barcode sequencing to monitor bacterial strain frequencies over time.
    • Competed bacterial strains with altered gene expression dynamics to quantify selection.
    • Independently perturbed environmental sensing and gene expression control mechanisms.

    Main Results:

    • Discovered that gene expression levels can evolve to create phenotypic memory, mitigating lag phases and improving population growth.
    • Identified sign epistasis between environmental sensing and expression control within GRNs.
    • Demonstrated that intact sensing mechanisms enhance evolutionary tuning of gene expression in fluctuating conditions.

    Conclusions:

    • Environmental fluctuations impose distinct selective pressures on gene regulatory networks.
    • Epistatic interactions between sensing and control are critical for GRN evolution.
    • This work provides a novel framework for understanding GRN evolution in dynamic environments.