Dual-Function Transparent Electrode for All-Solution-Processed Semitransparent Organic Photovoltaics

The all-solution process is an essential technology for large-scale production and cost reduction of transparent organic photovoltaics (TOPVs). However, this process still involves the sequential deposition of a transport layer and a transparent electrode on the active layer, increasing the process complexity. In this work, we demonstrate a silver nanowires (AgNWs): PDINO dual-function transparent electrode that achieves the functions of electron transport and collection through a single coating step. The all-solution-processed TOPV with dual-function electrodes achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.2% and fill factor (FF) of 77.4%, comparable to the performance of the device prepared with the thermal-evaporation top electrode, and represents the highest PCE and FF reported to date for all-solution-processed TOPVs. Notably, the 12 cm² semitransparent mini-module devices achieved an impressive PCE of up to 9.64% and high fill factor of 69.0% by using the AgNWs: PDINO dual-functional electrodes under open-air conditions. The study demonstrates the potential of using AgNWs: PDINO dual-function transparent electrodes as a simple and scalable method for fabricating efficient and all-solution-processed TOPVs.