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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 15, 2025

High-throughput Analysis of Mammalian Olfactory Receptors: Measurement of Receptor Activation via Luciferase Activity
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High-throughput Analysis of Mammalian Olfactory Receptors: Measurement of Receptor Activation via Luciferase Activity

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Optimizing Odorants for Olfactory Training Based on Olfactory Receptor-Ligand Pair Analysis.

Hironobu Nishijima1, Eric H Holbrook2, James E Schwob3

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.

The Laryngoscope
|July 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A new four-odorant combination significantly enhances olfactory receptor (OR) stimulation compared to classical methods, offering a scientifically grounded approach to optimize olfactory training (OT) for better outcomes.

Keywords:
odorantsolfactory dysfunctionolfactory receptorsolfactory trainingreceptor–ligand interaction

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Area of Science:

  • Olfactory neuroscience
  • Computational biology
  • Receptor pharmacology

Background:

  • Olfactory training (OT) is used to improve smell function.
  • Current OT methods lack a scientific basis for odorant selection.
  • Optimizing OT requires understanding olfactory receptor (OR) and odorant interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify an optimal odorant combination for maximal human olfactory receptor stimulation.
  • To compare the efficacy of a novel odorant combination against classical OT odorants.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed 75,050 OR-odor pair experiments from the M2OR database.
  • Integrated human olfactory epithelium transcriptomic data to identify highly expressed ORs.
  • Evaluated odorant interactions with abundant ORs to determine optimal combinations.

Main Results:

  • A novel four-odorant combination (galaxolide, eugenol acetate, [-]-menthol, geranyl acetate) stimulates 83.9% of ORs, covering 69.9% of expression.
  • Classical OT odorants (rose, lemon, eucalyptus, clove) stimulate 39.2% of ORs, covering 32.9% of expression.
  • The novel combination offers significantly broader receptor activation than classical odorants.

Conclusions:

  • A receptor-based approach provides a scientifically grounded method for optimizing olfactory training.
  • The novel odorant combination shows potential for improved therapeutic efficacy in OT.
  • Further clinical validation is required to confirm the therapeutic benefits.