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Norms emerge through iterated learning.

Scott Partington1, Rachana Kamtekar2, Shaun Nichols2

  • 1Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK CB2 3RH.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|July 18, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Weak biases in teaching and learning can create strict social rules. Iterated learning demonstrates how seemingly minor preferences evolve into cultural norms, making actions impermissible over time.

Keywords:
cultural evolutioniterated learningmoral psychologynorms

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Cultural Evolution
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Injunctive norms, which dictate forbidden, obligatory, or permitted actions, are universal across cultures.
  • The origins and transmission mechanisms of these cultural norms remain a key area of inquiry.
  • Understanding norm emergence is crucial for explaining social order and cultural diversity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the emergence of injunctive norms through cultural transmission.
  • To propose and test an iterated learning model for norm development.
  • To determine if weak biases in learning can lead to the formation of strict social rules.

Main Methods:

  • Development of an iterated learning model to simulate cultural transmission.
  • Utilizing transmission chain studies with human participants (N = 3,688).
  • Assessing changes in norm perception across iterative learning generations.

Main Results:

  • Participants iteratively learned about an action initially deemed merely inadvisable.
  • Over successive generations, the action was increasingly judged as impermissible and punishable.
  • This inadvisable-to-impermissible effect was robust across various starting conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Iterated learning provides a viable mechanism for the emergence of injunctive norms.
  • Weak biases in pedagogy and inference can drive the development of cultural rules.
  • The findings support a transmission-based account for the universality of social norms.