Development and Validation of the Socio-Ecological Scale for Identifying Delays in Treatment for Breast Cancer...

Background: The study was aimed at measuring the factors contributing to the delayed presentation of breast cancer patients within the socio-ecological context by developing a scale. Methods: The study objectives were measured by developing the items on the basis of a 5-point scale named the Socio-Ecological Scale for Breast Cancer Patients (SES-BCP). The dimensionality of the measure and internal consistency were determined by collecting data from 350 breast cancer patients from five main hospitals in three main cities (Lahore, Multan, and Faisalabad) in the Punjab province of Pakistan. A multistage sampling technique was employed, and sociodemographic factors were kept in consideration. Confirmatory factor analysis was applied for the factor structure in the study by using a structural equation model. Results: With the distinctive five factors of the SES-BCP, a total of 51 items were confirmed in the final scale with sound psychometric properties, providing a multidimensional view of the study that helps in the early detection and cure of disease. Conclusions: It can be concluded that this scale is a valuable addition to assess the underlying factors of delayed presentation in patients with breast cancer in the context of the socio-ecological model in Pakistan.