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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
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Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
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Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
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Updated: Sep 14, 2025

In Vivo Osteo-organoid Approach for Harvesting Therapeutic Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells
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Bone organoid construction and evolution.

Yang Hong1,2,3,4, Ruiyang Li1,5,4, Shihao Sheng1,5,4

  • 1Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.

Journal of Orthopaedic Translation
|July 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review presents a five-stage framework for developing advanced bone organoids. These models improve the study of bone diseases and the creation of personalized orthopedic treatments.

Keywords:
BiomedicineBone organoidEvolution

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Organoids mimic native tissue microenvironments, offering advantages over 2D cultures and animal models for disease study and drug screening.
  • Current organoid research predominantly focuses on soft tissues, with limited development in hard tissue models, especially bone organoids.
  • Bone organoids are crucial for understanding bone repair, disease mechanisms, and drug development due to bone's pivotal clinical role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel five-stage iterative framework for bone organoid development (1.0 to 5.0).
  • To systematically review technical pathways for constructing bone organoids.
  • To explore the scientific value, challenges, and future directions in bone organoid research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and previous research on organoid development.
  • Introduction of a five-stage iterative framework: physiological, pathological, structural, composite, and applied models.
  • Systematic analysis of technical construction pathways and core features of each model iteration.

Main Results:

  • A comprehensive five-stage framework (1.0-5.0) for advancing bone organoid technology is proposed.
  • The review details technical approaches for bone organoid construction and highlights the scientific value of each stage.
  • Current challenges and future research directions in the field of bone organoids are identified.

Conclusions:

  • Bone organoids hold significant potential for orthopaedic research and clinical applications.
  • The proposed framework and insights aim to advance bone organoid development for disease study and regenerative medicine.
  • Integration of AI and 3D bioprinting with bone organoids offers novel approaches for customized orthopedic treatments.