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Tumor Progression

Tumor Progression

Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Updated: Sep 14, 2025

In Vivo Imaging to Measure Spontaneous Lung Metastasis of Orthotopically-injected Breast Tumor Cells

In Vivo Imaging to Measure Spontaneous Lung Metastasis of Orthotopically-injected Breast Tumor Cells

Published on: June 23, 2022

Breast Cancer Upstaging Risk and In Vivo Tumor Growth Rates Associated with Preoperative Delays.

Richard J Bleicher¹, Karen J Ruth², Austin D Williams³

¹Division of Breast Surgery, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA. richard.bleicher@fccc.edu.

Annals of Surgical Oncology

|July 23, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Preoperative delays in breast cancer treatment increase the risk of tumor upstaging and nodal spread. Triple-negative and larger tumors experience faster growth and higher upstaging likelihoods with longer wait times.

Keywords:

Breast cancer Delays Growth rates Timeliness Upstaging

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Orthotopic Injection of Breast Cancer Cells into the Mammary Fat Pad of Mice to Study Tumor Growth.

Orthotopic Injection of Breast Cancer Cells into the Mammary Fat Pad of Mice to Study Tumor Growth.

Published on: February 8, 2015

Area of Science:

Oncology
Surgical Oncology
Cancer Research

Background:

Preoperative delays in breast cancer treatment are associated with poorer patient outcomes.
The precise impact of delay intervals on tumor growth rates and upstaging likelihoods remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the risk of tumor and nodal upstaging in breast cancer patients.
To assess in vivo tumor growth rates based on delay intervals between diagnosis and surgery.
To identify specific tumor subtypes with higher susceptibility to delay-associated progression.

Main Methods:

Analysis of registry-based data from the National Cancer Database (2010-2020).
Inclusion of patients with nonmetastatic, noninflammatory breast cancer undergoing surgery first.
Statistical evaluation of upstaging risk and tumor growth rates correlated with preoperative delay intervals.

Main Results:

Over 1 million patients showed significant primary tumoral (11.5%) and nodal (14.1%) upstaging.
Each 30-day delay increased odds of tumor upstaging: DCIS (1.11), cT1 (1.13), and cT2 (1.18).
Triple-negative (TN) tumors exhibited higher upstaging odds (1.21) and faster growth rates compared to hormone receptor-positive (HR+) and HER2-positive (HER2+) subtypes.

Conclusions:

Extended preoperative delays significantly increase breast cancer upstaging and nodal spread.
Larger tumors and TN subtypes are disproportionately affected by delays, experiencing greater progression.
These findings explain the correlation between preoperative delays and increased mortality rates.