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Related Concept Videos

Hallucinogens and Psychedelics01:27

Hallucinogens and Psychedelics

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Hallucinogens are psychoactive substances that profoundly alter perceptual experiences, generating unreal visual and sensory images. Often referred to as psychedelic drugs — a term derived from the Greek words "psyche" (mind) and "delos" (revealing) — these substances include marijuana and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), among others. These drugs vary in intensity and effects.
Marijuana, derived from the dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant, contains...
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CNS Stimulants: Psychedelic Agents01:22

CNS Stimulants: Psychedelic Agents

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Hallucinogens, also known as psychedelic drugs, are a class of substances known for their ability to alter perception, cognition, and emotions. Despite their profound effects on the mind, these drugs are non-addictive, setting them apart from many other abused substances. The mechanism of action of these drugs lies in their impact on the 5-HT2A receptor in the brain. Upon activation, this receptor couples to Gq-type G proteins, triggering a cascade that releases intracellular calcium. This...
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Altered States of Awareness01:06

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Altered states of consciousness represent significant deviations from one's normal mental state. These deviations can range from subtle changes in awareness to profound transformations in perception, thought processes, and sensory experiences. Altered states of consciousness can be triggered by various factors, including drug use, meditation, hypnosis, illness, or even intense fatigue.
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Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism01:27

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Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
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Cause and Effect01:53

Cause and Effect

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While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
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Combined Effects of Drugs: Antagonism01:30

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The combined effects of drugs can result in various interactions, of which an important type is antagonism. Antagonism is a mechanism where one drug inhibits or counteracts the effects of another drug. Antagonism can occur through various means, including receptor binding, allosteric modulation, functional interaction, chemical reactions, and pharmacokinetic processes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Method for Simultaneous fMRI/EEG Data Collection during a Focused Attention Suggestion for Differential Thermal Sensation
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Suggestion Effects in Psychedelics: Confounds and Opportunities.

Madeline V Stein1, Devin B Terhune1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.

The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis
|July 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Psychedelics show promise, but suggestion effects can bias research and enhance therapy. More research is needed to understand and utilize suggestion in psychedelic-assisted therapy.

Keywords:
Demand characteristicsplacebopsychedelicssuggestibilitysuggestion

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Increasing interest in psychedelics for therapeutic potential.
  • Uncritical promotion in popular and scientific media.
  • Need for rigorous assessment of neurocognitive effects and therapeutic efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Examine suggestion effects in psychedelic experiences.
  • Clarify suggestion's role as a research confound and therapeutic tool.
  • Advocate for careful consideration and experimentation regarding suggestion's impact.

Main Methods:

  • Critical examination of suggestion's operation within psychedelic experiences.
  • Analysis of existing research and theoretical frameworks.
  • Literature review focusing on bias and therapeutic leverage.

Main Results:

  • Suggestion effects significantly influence psychedelic research outcomes.
  • Suggestion can act as a confound, introducing bias.
  • Suggestion can be leveraged to enhance therapeutic benefits.

Conclusions:

  • Suggestion effects are a critical factor in psychedelic research and therapy.
  • Rigorous experimental designs are necessary to isolate and understand suggestion's role.
  • Further investigation is crucial for optimizing psychedelic-assisted interventions.