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Area of Science:

  • Theoretical Physics
  • Quantum Gravity
  • Black Hole Physics

Background:

  • The concept of horizon normalcy posits that semiclassical gravity and effective field theory remain valid for observers near or crossing a black hole horizon.
  • Information paradox suggests that black hole evaporation might violate principles of quantum mechanics, potentially impacting horizon normalcy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the conditions under which horizon normalcy must fail if black holes are to return information.
  • To analyze the implications of state-dependent horizon normalcy for general covariance and the description of black hole interiors.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of horizon normalcy in the context of black hole information retrieval.
  • Examination of the role of Hawking radiation states in maintaining or breaking horizon normalcy.
  • Exploration of potential breakdowns of general covariance.

Main Results:

  • Horizon normalcy must substantially fail in some global states if black holes return information.
  • State-dependent horizon normalcy necessitates a breakdown of general covariance far from the black hole.
  • The resolution of a related effect in Anti-de Sitter/Conformal Field Theory (AdS/CFT) via timefolds does not resolve the issue of horizon normalcy.

Conclusions:

  • The persistence of horizon normalcy is challenged by the requirement of information return from black holes.
  • A breakdown of general covariance appears to be a necessary consequence of state-dependent horizon normalcy.
  • The findings have implications for our understanding of quantum gravity and the nature of spacetime near black hole horizons.