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Related Concept Videos

Weir01:24

Weir

125
A weir is a hydraulic structure designed to partially obstruct an open channel, enabling precise control and measurement of water flow. By forcing water to flow over or through it, a weir allows for accurate determination of discharge rates, making it an essential tool in water resource management. These structures are extensively used in regulating river flows, irrigation systems, and flood control channels.Types of Weirs and Their FeaturesWeirs are categorized primarily into sharp-crested and...
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Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines01:18

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A streamline represents the trajectory that is always tangent to the fluid's velocity vector at any given point. The velocity of a fluid particle is always directed along the streamline, ensuring the particle continuously follows the streamline's path. Streamlines are particularly useful for visualizing the overall direction of flow in a fluid system, and they provide an instantaneous representation of the flow's velocity field. In steady flow, where conditions do not change over...
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Gradually Varying Flow01:29

Gradually Varying Flow

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Gradually varying flow (GVF) in open channels describes situations where water depth changes slowly along the channel due to factors like non-uniform bed slope, channel shape variations, or obstructions. This flow type occurs when the depth adjusts gradually to balance gravitational forces, shear forces, and energy requirements, resulting in a low rate of depth change.Characteristics of Gradually Varying FlowGVF is commonly observed in natural streams, rivers, and canals, where flow depth...
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Stream Function01:20

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In two-dimensional incompressible fluid flow, the continuity equation is essential for ensuring mass conservation, meaning that any change in fluid entering or exiting a region is balanced by a corresponding change elsewhere. For incompressible flow, where density remains constant, this requirement simplifies to the condition that the divergence of the velocity field must be zero. Mathematically, this is expressed as,
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Rapidly Varying Flow01:24

Rapidly Varying Flow

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Rapidly varying flow (RVF) in open channels is characterized by abrupt changes in flow depth over a short distance, with the rate of depth change relative to distance often approaching unity. These flows are inherently complex due to their transient and multi-dimensional nature, making exact analysis difficult. However, approximate solutions using simplified models provide valuable insights into their behavior.Key Features of Rapidly Varying FlowRVF is commonly observed in scenarios involving...
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Weir: Problem Solving01:26

Weir: Problem Solving

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Water flow in open channels is often measured using hydraulic structures such as weirs, which allow precise calculation of discharge. In a rectangular channel, flow rates are measured using three types of weirs: rectangular sharp-crested, triangular sharp-crested, and broad-crested. The weir head is set at a fixed height above the channel bottom, simplifying calculations and enabling the relationship between depth and flow rate to be analyzed.For the rectangular sharp-crested weir, the flow...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Four Temporary Waterslide Designs Adapted to Different Slope Conditions to Encourage Child Socialization in Playgrounds
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Ngā Wai Rerekē: the water streams of difference.

Gwyn N Lewis1, Belinda Ihaka2, Eva Morunga3,4

  • 1Department of Physiotherapy, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.

Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
|August 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Māori-centred research partnerships require strong relationships and shared management to benefit whānau Māori. The Ngā Wai Rerekē model offers a framework for navigating cross-cultural challenges in academia.

Keywords:
Māori-centred researchacademiahealth equitypartnershipqualitative analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Indigenous Research Methodologies
  • Cross-Cultural Collaboration
  • Academic Partnership Models

Background:

  • Māori-centred research involves partnerships between Māori and non-Māori researchers to benefit whānau Māori (Māori families).
  • Cross-cultural research partnerships face challenges within Western-dominated academic structures.
  • Supporting effective Māori-centred research requires understanding and addressing these challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review literature on undertaking Māori-centred research.
  • To identify strategies for better supporting Māori-Māori and Māori-non-Māori research partnerships in academia.
  • To develop a conceptual model for effective cross-cultural research collaboration.

Main Methods:

  • A structured review of 19 academic articles was conducted.
  • Key concepts from the literature were synthesized.
  • A partnership model, Ngā Wai Rerekē, was developed based on identified themes.

Main Results:

  • The Ngā Wai Rerekē model visualizes partnership as two streams forming a river, emphasizing the relationship over the project.
  • Key concepts integrated into the model include whakapapa (history), whanaungatanga (relationship), mana ōrite (shared management), kotahitanga (unity), wero (challenge), and he koha mō te iwi Māori (benefit for Māori).
  • The model highlights the importance of relationships, beneficial outcomes for Māori, common challenges, and facilitating actions.

Conclusions:

  • The Ngā Wai Rerekē model provides a framework for strengthening Māori-centred research partnerships.
  • Recommendations are offered for individuals and institutions to foster meaningful outcomes for whānau Māori.
  • Prioritizing the researcher relationship is crucial for successful and ethical Māori-centred research.