Predicting factors of sleep quality among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review

The prevalence of poor sleep quality among adults with type 2 diabetes has significantly increased in recent years. This study aimed to review the empirical evidence regarding predicting factors of sleep quality among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A comprehensive systematic review search was conducted using Wiley Online Library, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and ProQuest. The publication was completed in August 2024 and the systematic review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024564579). The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. A narrative synthesis was performed. Of the 7760 articles identified in the search, 24 articles in cross-sectional studies, case-control, and cohort studies were included in this review. The systematic review classified the factors into socio-demographic factors (gender, marital status, economic status, age, ethnicity), disease characteristics (duration of diabetes, diabetes complication, nocturia, insulin therapy), psychological factors (depressive symptom, anxiety symptoms, diabetes distress), physical factors (poor glycemic control, lower frequency of exercise, bad dietary status, smoking habit, Low HDL cholesterol, high risk of OSA), environmental factor, and social support were found to be predictors of sleep quality among adults with T2DM. Sleep quality can be influenced by socio-demographic factors, disease characteristics, psychological factors, physical factors, environmental factors, and social support. Diabetes programs to enhance sleep quality among adults with T2DM are highly encouraged based on these factors.