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Related Concept Videos

Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT01:30

Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT

Radiological investigations, including X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, are critical for diagnosing and evaluating various medical conditions. These imaging techniques provide valuable insights into the body's internal structures, aiding in the detection of abnormalities, assessment of disease progression, and development of treatment strategies. This article delves into two primary radiological investigations, chest X-rays and CT scans, outlining their purpose, procedures, and the...
Radiological Investigation II: MRI and Ventilation Perfusion Scan01:30

Radiological Investigation II: MRI and Ventilation Perfusion Scan

Description
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Ventilation Perfusion Scans are two radiological investigations that offer detailed diagnostic images of the body, particularly lung structures.
MRI
MRI uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency signals to distinguish between normal and abnormal tissues. This technology provides a more detailed diagnostic image than CT scans, enabling it to characterize pulmonary nodules, stage bronchogenic carcinoma, and evaluate inflammatory activity in...
Radiological Investigation III: Pulmonary Angiogram and PET Scan01:13

Radiological Investigation III: Pulmonary Angiogram and PET Scan

Radiological investigations are paramount in the diagnosis and management of various pulmonary diseases. Two essential investigations are the Pulmonary Angiogram and the Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan.
Pulmonary Angiogram
A Pulmonary Angiogram is an invasive procedure involving injecting a contrast medium through a catheter threaded into the pulmonary artery or the right side of the heart to visualize the pulmonary vasculature. Computed Tomography (CT) scans have mainly replaced this...
Imaging Studies II: Positron Emission Tomography and Scintigraphy01:25

Imaging Studies II: Positron Emission Tomography and Scintigraphy

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique that provides crucial insights into the body's physiological functions at a molecular level. It is an indispensable resource for diagnosing, staging, and monitoring various illnesses, notably cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular conditions.
Fundamental Principles of PET
Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System III: X-Ray01:20

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System III: X-Ray

The most common cardiovascular diagnostic test is an X-ray. It produces images of the heart, blood vessels, and adjacent structures.
Definition and Purpose
An X-ray, or radiograph, is a non-invasive method that uses ionizing radiation to take images of internal structures. It is mainly used in cardiac imaging to examine the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels, aiming to identify abnormalities in the heart's size, shape, and position, such as heart failure, congenital defects, and vascular...
Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests

Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...

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Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
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Presymptomatic multiple sclerosis: Insights from the Radiologically Isolated Syndrome.

C Lebrun-Frenay1, M Cohen1, D T Okuda2

  • 1Department of Neurology, MS Clinic Nice, Pasteur 2 University Hospital, UR2CA-URRIS, Côte d'Azur University, Nice 06002, France.

Revue Neurologique
|August 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS), the early stage of multiple sclerosis (MS), is diagnosed using updated criteria. Certain factors predict conversion to MS, and early treatment may delay clinical symptoms.

Keywords:
BiomarkersDisease-modifying treatmentsMRIMultiple sclerosisPrognosisRadiologically Isolated syndrome

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) is the preclinical phase of multiple sclerosis (MS), identified incidentally through MRI in asymptomatic individuals.
  • It is characterized by brain or spinal cord lesions suggesting autoimmune inflammatory demyelination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the updated 2023 RIS diagnostic criteria, emphasizing precision against imaging mimics.
  • To identify key risk factors for the transition from RIS to clinical MS.
  • To discuss the implications of new classifications and treatment strategies for RIS patients.

Main Methods:

  • The 2023 RIS criteria require specific lesion locations (periventricular, juxtacortical/cortical, infratentorial, spinal cord) and dissemination in time (DIT) markers.
  • Risk factors for MS conversion include younger age, male sex, specific lesion types, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers (oligoclonal bands, kappa-free light chains).
  • Two randomized trials assessed the efficacy of oral disease-modifying therapies in delaying clinical events in RIS.

Main Results:

  • The updated criteria improve diagnostic accuracy for RIS.
  • Younger age, male sex, infratentorial/spinal cord/enhancing lesions, and CSF OCBs are significant predictors of MS conversion.
  • Disease-modifying therapies have demonstrated efficacy in delaying the first clinical event in RIS patients.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis and risk stratification are crucial for managing RIS.
  • Balancing treatment benefits against risks is essential, especially as some individuals may not progress to clinical MS.
  • The updated 2024 McDonald criteria may classify some RIS patients with specific biomarkers as having preclinical MS, necessitating expert multidisciplinary team review.