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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Engineering
    • Infrared Optics
    • Diffractive Optics

    Background:

    • Conventional single-layer diffractive optical elements (SLDOEs) suffer from reduced efficiency and imaging quality due to unaddressed temperature and incident angle variations.
    • Existing designs often optimize for angle bandwidth integrated average diffraction efficiency (ABIADE), neglecting critical environmental factors.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a novel design methodology for SLDOEs that compensates for temperature-induced phase delay variations.
    • To introduce and model the temperature angle bandwidth integrated average diffraction efficiency (TABIADE) for optimizing SLDOE performance.
    • To design and validate an infrared continuous zoom system utilizing SLDOEs optimized with the TABIADE method.

    Main Methods:

    • Derived phase delay increment considering temperature effects on refractive index and thermal expansion.
    • Developed the mathematical model for TABIADE.
    • Employed an optimization algorithm to maximize TABIADE for microstructure height adjustment in SLDOEs.
    • Integrated optimized SLDOEs into a cooled infrared continuous zoom system and analyzed modulation transfer function (MTF).

    Main Results:

    • The TABIADE-based SLDOE design demonstrated superior adaptability to temperature variations compared to ABIADE-optimized designs.
    • SLDOEs designed using the TABIADE method resulted in less degradation of imaging quality in the infrared zoom system.
    • The final system with three SLDOEs achieved MTF>1 at 33 lp/mm across 3.7-5 µm, with a 40-900 mm zoom range and F-number of 4.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed TABIADE method enables the design of high-efficiency SLDOEs that maintain imaging quality under varying environmental conditions.
    • This approach facilitates a balance between high zoom ratio, long focal length, and lightweight design in infrared continuous zoom systems.
    • Provides a viable technical solution for integrating SLDOEs into refractive-diffractive hybrid systems, particularly for demanding infrared applications.