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Updated: Sep 11, 2025

A Protocol for Real-time 3D Single Particle Tracking
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Time-shifted pseudo-noise multibeam lidar array using acousto-optic deflectors.

Kai-Ting Ting, Kelvin H Wagner

    Applied Optics
    |August 12, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces a novel multibeam lidar system using pseudo-noise (PN) codes and acousto-optic deflectors for simultaneous, high-speed 3D imaging without scanning mirrors or complex detectors. The system achieves parallel ranging with a single detector, enhancing lidar capabilities.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Lidar Technology
    • Signal Processing

    Background:

    • Traditional lidar systems often require scanning mirrors and multi-pixel detectors, increasing complexity and cost.
    • Generating multiple lidar beams typically involves complex optical setups or multiple transmitters.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a novel multibeam lidar system capable of simultaneous transmission and reception using a single detector.
    • To demonstrate a new method for generating multiple, time-delayed lidar beams using pseudo-noise (PN) codes and acousto-optic deflectors (AODs).

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized two traveling-wave acousto-optic deflectors (AODs) to generate an array of K intensity-modulated beams from a single aperture.
    • Employed binary phase-shift keying (BPSK)-encoded maximum-length (ML) sequences and PN-encoded interferometry to create time-shifted, self-synchronizing codes.

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  • Implemented direct detection on a single large-area high-speed detector without a local oscillator beam.

    • Main Results:

    • Successfully generated a 32-beam array for parallel ranging using maximal-length codes.
    • Demonstrated that a single cross-correlator can computationally identify different time-shifted beams and their time-of-flight range delays.
    • Achieved significant time delays (milliseconds) using only microsecond acoustic propagation times via ML code properties.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed PN-encoded interferometry enables an unconventional multibeam lidar imaging system.
    • This system eliminates the need for scanning mirrors at the transmitter and multi-pixel detector arrays at the receiver.
    • Presents a promising advancement for simplified, high-performance lidar applications.